Buddhism is a major non-theistic religion that originated in India over 2,500 years ago. It has since spread throughout Asia and the world, and has become an important spiritual and cultural tradition in many countries. Buddhism emphasizes the importance of mindfulness, meditation, and ethical conduct as the key practices to achieve liberation from samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth.
The core beliefs of Buddhism are based on the doctrines of the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. The former teaches that life is characterized by suffering, arising from craving and attachment. However, this suffering can be overcome by means of the Eightfold Path. Today, there are three major schools of Buddhist thought: Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana, with over 500 million followers worldwide. Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world and there are millions of people who are drawn to its teachings on mindfulness, compassion, and personal transformation.
Featured Image:Thomas Nordwest, Ancient Buddha Ornaments 2023-05-09-3, CC BY-SA 4.0
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Table of Contents
- The Origins of Buddhism
- Historical Development of Buddhism
- Core Beliefs and Teachings of Buddhism
- The Main Schools of Buddhism
- Holy Texts & Scriptures of Buddhism
- The Symbols of Buddhism
- Other Holy Objects of Buddhism
- Tibetan Buddhism Symbols
- Practices and Rituals of Buddhism
- Holidays & Celebrations of Buddhism
- Buddhist Temples
- The Spread of Buddhism
- The Dalai Lama
The Origins of Buddhism
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, a prince who lived in the ancient kingdom of Magadha (now modern-day Bihar) in the 5th century BCE. According to legend, Siddhartha was sheltered from the harsh realities of life and the world by his father, the king. However, one day he ventured outside the palace where he encountered an old man, a sick man, a dead body and an ascetic. This experience, known as the Four Sights, exposed him to the suffering and impermanence of human existence.
Consequently, Siddharta renounced his royal life and sought spiritual enlightenment through meditation and severe asceticism. However, he soon realized that both wealth and severe asceticism were two extremes and neither self-indulgence nor self-harm could lead to spiritual enlightenment. Therefore, the path to enlightenment should be a “middle way” that avoids these two extremes.
After years of searching, Siddhartha finally achieved enlightenment at the age of 35, while meditating under a bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, India. He became known as the Buddha, which means “the awakened one”, and spent the rest of his life teaching the Dharma (the Buddhist teachings) to his disciples.
In his first sermon, Buddha taught the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means to escape suffering and achieve enlightenment. His teachings were later compiled into the Buddhist canon of texts or “Tripitaka”.
Historical Development of Buddhism
The historical development of Buddhism spans over two millennia and has undergone significant changes and adaptations over time. At the time of the Buddha, Buddhism was one of the many schools of thought like Ajivika, Charvaka, and Jainism, which emerged to challenge traditional Vedic beliefs. It was not until the time of emperor Ashoka the Great, who embraced Buddhism, becoming its patron and helping it spread from India to central and southeast Asia.
There are three main periods in the development of Buddhism: early Buddhism, classical Buddhism, and modern Buddhism.
Early Buddhism
Also known as pre-sectarian Buddhism, it refers to the period spanning from the early teachings of the Buddha and his immediate followers up to the formation of different schools and traditions. During this period, Buddha’s teachings spread throughout India and beyond, and a monastic community of monks and nuns was established.
Classical Buddhism
Classical Buddhism refers to the period after the Buddha’s death, when his teachings were compiled into a canon of texts known as the Tripitaka. During this period, Buddhism developed and split into different schools, namely Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana.
Theravada Buddhism, also known as the School of the Elders, is the oldest and most conservative school of Buddhism, which focuses on the original teachings of the Buddha as found in the Pali Canon.
Mahayana Buddhism, which emerged in the first century CE, emphasizes the bodhisattva ideal, the idea that one should work for the enlightenment of all sentient beings.
Vajrayana Buddhism, which developed in the 7th century CE, is known for its esoteric practices and the use of mantras and mandalas.
Modern Buddhism
Modern Buddhism spans the period from the 19th century to the present day, during which it spread beyond Asia and into the West. During this period, Buddhism underwent a process of modernization and adaptation to new cultural contexts. Western scholars became interested in Buddhism and began to translate Buddhist texts and introduce Buddhist beliefs and ideas to the West. Buddhist teachers from Asia, such as the Dalai Lama and Thich Nhat Hanh, gained popularity in the West, where many Buddhist communities and practices were established.
Core Beliefs and Teachings of Buddhism
Wolfgang Sauber, EMB – Buddha Predigt, CC BY-SA 4.0
At the core of Buddhism are several key beliefs and teachings that guide the spiritual practices and ethical principles of all Buddhists around the world:
The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism
The Four Noble Truths are the foundation of Buddhist teachings. They are Buddha’s first teachings and constitute a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought. The Four Noble Truths are:
Dukkha (suffering)
Suffering is an inherent and inevitable part of human existence. It includes physical and mental pain like emotional distress and dissatisfaction with life.
Samudaya (cause of suffering)
The cause of suffering is craving and attachment. We suffer because we are attached to things that are impermanent and constantly changing.
Nirodha (cessation of suffering)
Liberation from suffering is possible and can be achieved through the elimination of craving and attachment.
Magga (path to the cessation of suffering)
The Fourth Noble Truth offers a way to the cessation of suffering and this is through The Eightfold Path.
The Eightfold Path of Buddhism
The Eightfold Path is a set of guidelines that Buddhists follow to attain liberation from suffering and spiritual enlightenment:
Right View: Means understanding the Four Noble Truths and the nature of reality.
Right Intention: It is about developing the intention to let go of craving and attachment, and to cultivate compassion and kindness.
Right Speech: Means speaking truthfully and kindly, avoiding harmful speech.
Right Action: Means acting in ways that are ethical and non-harmful.
Right Livelihood: Means engaging in work that is ethical without causing harm to others.
Right Effort: It is about making effort to cultivate positive qualities and overcome negative tendencies.
Right Mindfulness: Means cultivating awareness of one’s thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations in the present moment.
Right Concentration: Means developing the ability to focus one’s mind and achieve deep states of meditation.
Karma & Rebirth
The concepts of Karma and rebirth are central to the Buddhist understanding of the nature of existence. All beings go through an endless cycle of death and rebirth. Attachment and desire are the two factors that bind beings to the chains of samsara, the endless cycle of death and rebirth. When a being dies it is immediately reincarnated into one of 31 planes of existence according to the being’s karma.
According to Buddhist teachings, all actions have consequences, and these consequences shape our future experiences. Rebirth refers to the belief that consciousness continues after death and is reborn into another form of existence, based on the accumulation of karma in past lives.
Planes of Existence
According to Buddhist cosmology, the planes of existence, also known as “bhava” in Pali, represent different realms or states of existence that beings can inhabit based on their karma (actions) and level of spiritual development. There are 31 planes of existence which are further categorized into various realms, including both desirable and undesirable states.
- 20 planes are for Supreme Deities (Brahmas)
- 6 planes are for Deities (Devas)
- 1 plane for Humans (Manussa)
- 4 Deprivation planes (Apaya)
these planes are categorized into 3 distinct realms:
Realm of the Formless (Arupa Loka or Arupa Dhatu or Arupa Bhava)
This realm represents the highest and most subtle level of existence. It consists of formless or immaterial realms inhabited by beings who have attained enlightenment and have transcended physical form. These beings do not possess physical bodies but exist in a state of pure consciousness. The Realm of Formlessness consists of four levels corresponding to different stages of meditative attainment.
- Infinite Space (Akasanayatana): A formless realm characterized by the perception of boundless space.
- Infinite Consciousness (Vijnananancayatana): A formless realm characterized by the perception of boundless consciousness.
- Nothingness (Akincannayatana): A formless realm characterized by the perception of nothingness.
- Neither Perception nor Non-Perception (Neva-sanna-nasanayatana): A formless realm characterized by the perception of neither perception nor non-perception.
Realm of the Form (Rupa Loka or Rupa Dhatu or Rupa Bhava)
Realm of the Form (Rupa Loka or Rupa Dhatu or Rupa Bhava) This realm consists of subtle or refined forms of existence. It includes several heavenly realms inhabited by beings who have attained a higher level of spiritual development through meditation and concentration practices. Beings in this realm experience relatively less suffering compared to the Realm of Desire but are still subject to the cycle of birth and death.
- Parisajja Brahma: Servants of Great Brahma
- Purohita Brahma: Ministers/ advisors of Great Brahma
- Maha Brahma: Great Brahmas
- Parittabha Deva: Devas of limited radiance
- Appamanabha Deva: Devas of unbounded radiance
- Abhassara Deva: Devas of streaming radiance
- Parittasubha Deva: Devas of limited glory
- Appanamasubha Deva: Devas of Unbounded glory
- Subhakinna Deva: Devas of radiant glory
- Vehapphala Deva: Very fruitful devas
- Asanna Satta: Unconscious/mindless beings, only body is present
- Aviha Deva: Devas not falling away
- Atappa Deva: Untroubled devas
- Sudassa Deva: Beautiful devas
- Sudassi Deva: Clear sighted devas
- Akannitha Deva: Peerless devas
Realm of Desire (Kama Loka or Kama Dhatu or Kama Bhava)
Realm of Desire (Kama Loka or Kama Dhatu or Kama Bhava) This realm encompasses various levels of existence where beings are primarily driven by desire, sensual pleasures, and attachment. It includes humans, animals, and several heavenly realms. Beings in this realm are subject to the constant cycle of seeking pleasure and experiencing suffering due to the impermanence of their desires.
- Four Woeful States (Apaya-marga):
- Hell (Naraka): Realms of intense suffering and torment.
- Hungry Ghosts (Preta): Realms of extreme hunger and thirst.
- Animals (Tiraccana yoni): Realms of various animal species.
- Demons (Asura): Realms of constant conflict and aggression.
- Human beings (Manussa Loka)
- Four Great Kings (Catumaharajika): Heavenly realms ruled by protective deities.
- Thirty-Three Devas (Tavatimsha Deva): Heavenly realms of great beauty and luxury.
- Yama Devas (Yama Devas): Heavenly realms of increased sensual pleasure.
- Tusita Devas (Tusita): The realm of contented devas awaiting rebirth as a Buddha.
- Nimmanarati Devas (Nimmanarati): Heavenly realms of joyful creation and enjoyment.
- Paranirmita-vasavatti Devas (Paranimmita-vasavatti): Heavenly realms of high sensory pleasure.
Dependent Origination
Dependent origination is a key concept in Buddhist philosophy that explains how suffering arises and how it can be overcome. According to this concept, all phenomena arise in dependence on other phenomena. By understanding the interdependent nature of existence, one can overcome attachment and craving and achieve liberation from suffering.
The Three Universal Truths of Buddhism
The three universal truths, also known as the three marks of existence, are a core concept in Buddhist philosophy. They are:
Anicca (Impermanence)
Anicca refers to the fact that all things are impermanent and constantly changing. Nothing in the world around us stays the same or lasts for ever.
Dukkha (Suffering)
Dukkha refers to the fact that all beings experience suffering, pain, and dissatisfaction in some form or another. Suffering can be caused by various factors, such as physical illness, emotional distress, and existential angst. All conditioned phenomena are unsatisfactory and cannot provide lasting happiness.
Anatta (Non-Self)
Anatta refers to the Buddhist belief that there is no permanent, unchanging self or soul. Rather, the self is an ever-changing process that arises from the interplay of various physical and mental factors.
In essence, by recognizing and accepting the three universal truths, one can be free from attachment and delusion, and ultimately attain a state of liberation known as Nirvana.
The Three Poisons of Buddhism
The three poisons of greed (lust), hatred, and delusion are considered the root causes of suffering in Buddhism. By recognizing and overcoming these poisons, one can achieve liberation from suffering and attain spiritual enlightenment.
In Buddhism, the “three poisons” (Sanskrit: triviṣa; Tibetan: dug gsum) are the fundamental root causes of suffering that seed all other unwholesome mental states and perpetuate the cycle of samsara, the cycle of birth and death. These poisons are considered the root of all suffering and are to be overcome on the path to enlightenment. The three poisons are:
- Moha: Moha means delusion or ignorance and refers to a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of reality. It involves not seeing things as they truly are and leads to confusion about the nature of the self and the world. This ignorance is seen as the primary poison that fuels attachment, aversion, and other negative mental states.
- Raga: Raga means greed or sensual attachment and refers to the strong desire and craving for pleasurable experiences and sensory objects. It is the attachment to the impermanent things of the world that leads to suffering. This can manifest as attachment to material possessions, relationships, or even to one’s own ideas and beliefs.
- Dvesha or Dosa: Dvesha means hate or aversion and refers to the repulsion or aversion towards experiences, people, or situations that are perceived as unpleasant or undesirable. It leads to feelings of animosity, resentment, and aggression, which ultimately result in further suffering for oneself and others.
These three poisons are symbolically represented in Buddhist art with three animals: A rooster (representing greed and sensual attachment), a snake (representing hate and adversion) and a pig (representing delusion and ignorance).
Buddhism teaches that these three poisons are the root of all mental afflictions and are responsible for creating negative karma, which in turn perpetuates the cycle of suffering and rebirth. Overcoming these poisons is a central focus of Buddhist practice, with the goal of cultivating wisdom, compassion, and liberation from the cycle of samsara.
The Five Precepts of Buddhism
The Five Precepts are ethical guidelines that Buddhists strive to follow. By doing so, they aim to reduce suffering in the world and to live in a way that is in harmony with the teachings of the Buddha. The Five Precepts of Buddhism are:
- Refrain from killing
- Refrain from stealing
- Refrain from sexual misconduct
- Refrain from lying (false speech)
- Refrain from intoxicants
The Concept of Nirvana in Buddhism
Nirvana is a central concept in Buddhism and it refers to the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice. It is often described as a state of perfect freedom, and liberation from suffering, desire, and ignorance. Nirvana is the ultimate state of enlightenment, where one has fully realized the nature of reality and attained complete liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth.
While Nirvana is often described as an unconditioned and indescribable state, it is considered to be attainable through the practice of Buddhist teachings and meditation.
The Concept of Boddhisattva
Some schools of Buddhism including those of Chinese Buddhism believe that becoming a bodhisattva is a more important goal for individuals than achieving nirvana. A bodhisattva is an enlightened being who delays entering nirvana in order to enlighten others.
The Three Jewels of Buddhism
In Buddhist tradition, there are three treasures or “Three Jewels” that provide guidance, wisdom, and support on the spiritual journey. These three treasures or triple gem of Buddhism, known as the Triratna, are the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.
The Buddha (The Yellow Jewel)
The first treasure is the Buddha, also known as Shakyamuni Buddha. He is the supreme teacher and a guide to help followers reach enlightenment.
The Dharma (The Blue Jewel)
The second treasure is the Dharma, which refers to the teachings of the Buddha. These teachings, which include the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, are considered a path to liberation and enlightenment.
The Sangha (The Red Jewel)
The third treasure is the Sangha, the community of Buddhist practitioners. It includes both ordained monastics and laypeople who follow the teachings of the Buddha and support each other on the path to spiritual development.
The Concept of Dharma in Buddhism
In Buddhism, the term “Dharma” holds various meanings depending on the context. It can refer to the teachings of the Buddha, the ultimate truth or reality, the law that governs the universe, or the moral and ethical path that individuals should follow to attain enlightenment. Understanding Dharma in Buddhism requires delving into its different dimensions:
The Dharma as the Teachings of the Buddha
This aspect refers to the body of teachings attributed to the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama. These teachings are encapsulated in the form of scriptures and texts such as the Tripitaka (Pali Canon), which contain the fundamental principles and practices for attaining enlightenment and liberation from suffering.
The Dharma as Ultimate Truth or Reality
In this sense, Dharma denotes the underlying principles that govern the universe. It points to the idea that everything in existence has an intrinsic nature or essence. It encompasses the concept of impermanence (anicca), unsatisfactoriness or suffering (dukkha), and non-self (anatta). Understanding the Dharma in this way encourages practitioners to see beyond the surface of things and perceive the fundamental nature of reality.
The Dharma as the Law of Nature
This aspect emphasizes the natural order and regularity in the cosmos. It suggests that there are natural laws governing the functioning of the universe, including the principle of cause and effect (karma). According to this interpretation, every action has consequences, and one’s intentions and deeds influence their future experiences and circumstances.
The Dharma as Ethical and Moral Path
Dharma, in this context, refers to the moral and ethical duties and responsibilities that individuals should adhere to in their daily lives. It emphasizes living in accordance with ethical principles, such as practicing non-harming (ahimsa), compassion, mindfulness, and cultivating virtues like generosity, patience, and wisdom. Following the Dharma in this way is believed to lead to a more fulfilling and harmonious life.
In summary, Dharma in Buddhism embodies the teachings of the Buddha, the ultimate reality or truth, the natural laws governing the universe, and the moral and ethical path that leads to spiritual awakening and liberation from suffering. Understanding and following the Dharma is considered fundamental to the practice and realization of the Buddhist path towards enlightenment.
The Main Schools of Buddhism
In the centuries following the Buddha’s death, Buddhism spread throughout India and into other parts of Asia, including Sri Lanka, China, and Southeast Asia. During this period, Buddhism underwent significant development and diversification, resulting in the emergence of different schools and traditions.
Today, there are three major schools of Buddhist thought: Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana. The Theravada and Mahayana traditions are considered the main streams of Buddhism, while Vajrayana is considered by many scholars as a sect of Mahayana Buddhism.
Each of these three main schools has its own unique practices and beliefs. Theravada emphasizes individual effort and self-reliance. Mahayana stresses compassion and the desire to help others. Finally, Vajrayana Buddhism accentuates the use of tantric practices and rituals. However, despite these differences, all three schools share the common goal of attaining enlightenment and ending the cycle of suffering.
Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism is the oldest surviving school of Buddhism, and it is prominent in Southeast Asia, including countries such as Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar. The word “Theravada” means “the way of the elders,” and it emphasizes the importance of Buddha’s teachings as preserved in the Pali Canon, the ancient scriptures of Buddhism.
Theravada Buddhism places great emphasis on individual effort and self-reliance. It teaches that each person must strive to attain enlightenment through their own efforts, and that the path to enlightenment involves the practice of ethical conduct, mindfulness, and meditation. Monasticism is highly valued in Theravada Buddhism, and monks are seen as important spiritual leaders and teachers.
Mahayana Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism is the largest school of Buddhism and is prominent in East Asia, including countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. The word Mahayana means “great vehicle,” and it emphasizes the importance of compassion and the belief that all beings have the potential to attain enlightenment.
Mahayana Buddhism teaches that the path to enlightenment involves not only individual effort but also the cultivation of compassion and the desire to help others. This school of Buddhism also places great importance on the role of bodhisattvas, enlightened beings who choose to delay their own enlightenment in order to help others attain it. Mahayana Buddhism also places less emphasis on monasticism than Theravada Buddhism and allows for greater participation by laypeople.
Buddhism in China
Buddhism in China developed into two main schools: Pure Land Buddhism and Chan Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism is a form of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China and later spread to other parts of Asia, including Japan and Korea.
The Pure Land schools, revere the Amitabha Buddha, or Buddha of Infinite Light. According to Pure Land Buddhism, Amitabha Buddha made a vow to create a Pure Land where beings who recite his name with faith and devotion will be reborn after death.
Chan Buddhism, also known as Zen Buddhism, is a form of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE). It emphasizes the practice of meditation as a means of achieving enlightenment.
Vajrayana Buddhism
Vajrayana Buddhism, also known as Tibetan Buddhism, is a tantric form of Buddhism that is prominent in Tibet and other Himalayan regions. The word Vajrayana means “diamond vehicle”, and this form of Buddhism places great importance on the role of the guru, or spiritual teacher, who guides students on the path to enlightenment. Vajrayana Buddhism also places great emphasis on the use of visualization, mantras, and other mystical practices to achieve spiritual transformation and enlightenment.
Many scholars and researchers consider Vajrayana Buddhism not a separate school or sect of Buddhism but rather a branch of Mahayana Buddhism.
Holy Texts & Scriptures of Buddhism
Buddhism has a vast corpus of texts and scriptures that are considered holy and authoritative. The most important of these texts are collectively known as the Buddhist canon or the Tipitaka, which means “three baskets”. The Tipitaka were written in Pali language, in Sri Lanka, around the 1st century CE.
Vinaya Pitaka
The Vinaya Pitaka contains the rules and regulations for the monastic community of Buddhist monks and nuns. In addition, it also includes stories and anecdotes about the Buddha and his disciples.
Sutta Pitaka
The Sutta Pitaka contains the discourses of the Buddha and his teachings on various subjects, including morality, meditation, wisdom, and liberation.
Abhidhamma Pitaka
The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains the Buddhist teachings on philosophy and psychology, and it provides a more detailed analysis of the nature of the mind, consciousness, and mental factors.
In addition to the Tripitaka, there are also other important Buddhist texts, such as the Mahayana sutras, which are considered to be later developments in the Buddhist tradition. Also, the Tibetan Book of the Dead is another important Buddhist text, which describes the process of dying and rebirth from a Buddhist perspective.
The Symbols of Buddhism
Buddhism has a rich tradition of using symbols to convey important spiritual and philosophical concepts. The “Ashtamangala” are the 8 most auspicious symbols of Buddhism, used in art, sculpture, and other forms of visual representation, as well as in Buddhist rituals and ceremonies:
The Parasol (Chatra)
The Parasol is a symbol of protection and represents the shelter and protection that the Dharma provides. It is also a symbol of the Buddha’s enlightenment and his ability to protect and guide his followers.
The Two Golden Fish (Matsyayugma)
The two golden Fish are a symbol of good fortune and abundance in Buddhism. They represent the two main aspects of the Buddha’s teachings, wisdom and compassion.
The Vase of Treasures (Kalasha)
The vase is a symbol of abundance and represents the wealth of the Buddha’s teachings. It is often used in Buddhist ceremonies to symbolize the offering of the teachings to others.
The Lotus (Padma)
The Lotus is a symbol of purity and enlightenment in Buddhism. It represents the journey from ignorance to enlightenment and is often used as a symbol of the Buddha’s teachings.
The Conch Shell (Shankha)
The Conch shell is a symbol of the Buddha’s teachings and is often used in Buddhist ceremonies as a symbol of communication. It is also a symbol of the Buddha’s victory over ignorance and his ability to spread the Dharma.
The Eternal Knot (Srivatsa)
The Eternal Knot is a symbol of the interconnectedness of all things and the unity of all phenomena. It represents the infinite nature of the Buddha’s teachings and the unbreakable bond between all beings.
The Banner of Victory (Dhvaha)
The banner of victory is a symbol of the Buddha’s triumph over the demon Mara who embodies worldly desires and fears that obstruct the path to enlightenment.
The Dharma Wheel (Dharmachakra)
The Dharma Wheel is a symbol of the Buddha’s teachings and represents the path to enlightenment. The 8 spokes of the wheel represent the Eightfold Path. When the center of the wheel is depicted with 3 swirls they represent the 3 Jewels of Buddhism. Similary, when 4 swirls are present in the center they represent the 4 Noble Truths.
Other Holy Objects of Buddhism
In addition to the Ashtamangala, which are commonly revered across all Buddhist traditions, there are also other symbols or items considered sacred by Buddhists:
The Bodhi Tree
Buddha attained enlightenment while meditating under a Bodhi tree, so the symbol of the tree or its distinct heart shaped leaf, serve as a reminder to diligently pursue their spiritual path.
The Stupa
A stupa is a significant architectural structure in Buddhism, serving as a sacred monument or shrine. It is typically a dome-shaped structure that symbolizes various aspects of Buddhist teachings and principles. Stupas house Buddha’s relics and items, and are considered holy pilgrimage sites.
Buddha Footprint
The Buddha’s footprint is a symbolic representation of the footprints left by Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. According to tradition, these footprints are imprints left by the Buddha during his lifetime and are considered sacred and revered by Buddhists.
The Vajra Throne
The Vajrasana, or Vajra Throne is an ancient stone slab believed to have been placed by emperor Asoka, at the spot where Buddha meditated. The Vajra Throne is considered a sacred and consecrated space, and it is treated with deep reverence.
Tibetan Buddhism Symbols
In addition to the above symbols and objects of reverence, there also some other symbols or implements considered esoteric and sacred by Vajrayana Buddhists. These are:
The Vajra or Dorje (Thunderbolt)
The Vajra is a symbol of both spiritual and worldly power in Buddhism. It is a diamond or thunderbolt-shaped object that represents the indestructible and unbreakable nature of the ultimate reality.
The Ghanta (Bell)
The bell symbolizes wisdom and the feminine aspect of enlightenment. It is often paired with the vajra, representing the union of wisdom and skillful means.
The Kila or Phurba (Ritual Knife)
The Kila is a three-sided ritual knife that is used in Tibetan Buddhism for protection and as a symbol of transformation. It is used to destroy obstacles and negative energies.
The Kartika or Khatvanga (Curved Knife )
The Kartika is a curve blade, ritual knife that holds significant symbolism in Vajrayana practices. Commonly known as the knife of the dakinis (female spiritual entities), it represents the cutting through ignorance and dualistic perception.
The Kapala (Skull Cup)
The Kapala is a cup made from a human skull, which is used in Tantric Buddhist rituals as a symbol of impermanence and the transience of life. It also represents the transformation of negative energy into positive energy.
The Buddha Eyes
The Buddha Eyes, also known as Wisdom Eyes, is a common symbol in Buddhist art and iconography, particularly in Nepal and Tibet, representing the all-seeing nature of Buddha.
Practices and Rituals of Buddhism
Buddhism emphasizes personal spiritual development and the attainment of enlightenment through various religious practices and rituals. Buddhist practices and rituals are diverse and vary according to tradition and culture, but there are some common practices that are followed by most Buddhists:
Meditation
One of the most well-known practices associated with Buddhism is meditation. There are several different forms of Buddhist meditation, but they all involve training the mind to focus and become more aware. The most common form of meditation in Buddhism is mindfulness meditation, which involves paying attention to the present moment without judgment.
Buddhists believe that meditation can also lead to spiritual growth and help individuals achieve enlightenment.
The Concept of Jhana
In Buddhism, jhana refers to a state of deep meditative absorption or concentration. It is a practice that cultivates focused attention and tranquility, leading to a profound and blissful state of consciousness. Jhana is an integral part of the path to enlightenment and is practiced in various Buddhist traditions.
The term “jhana” is derived from the Pali language, which is an ancient language closely related to the language spoken during the time of the historical Buddha. Jhana practice involves training the mind to become fully absorbed and unified, free from distraction and discursive thinking.
In the Pali Canon, the foundational scriptures of Theravada Buddhism, jhana is described as a series of progressive stages of meditative absorption. There are typically four main jhanas, each characterized by specific qualities and states of consciousness:
First Jhana (Pathama Jhana)
First Jhana: In this stage, the meditator experiences a deep level of concentration, characterized by sustained attention and joyful enthusiasm. The mind becomes focused on a chosen object of meditation, such as the breath or a specific mental image, and is free from sensual desires and unwholesome thoughts.
Second Jhana (Dutiya Jhana)
This stage is characterized by a deeper level of concentration. The initial joy and enthusiasm of the first jhana subsides, and a profound sense of inner tranquility and bliss arises. The meditator experiences a heightened sense of peace and contentment.
Third Jhana (Tatiya Jhana)
In the third jhana, the meditator goes even deeper into concentration, transcending both joy and bliss. The mind becomes increasingly equanimous, and a refined sense of tranquility and mindfulness arises. The meditator experiences a state of pure awareness and clarity.
Fourth Jhana (Catuttha Jhana)
The fourth jhana is characterized by an even higher level of equanimity and mindfulness. The meditator experiences a state of profound serenity and detachment from sensory experiences. Pure awareness remains, accompanied by a sense of deep peace and unity. This last jhana can be further refined into 4 states of deeper concentration.
These four jhanas are considered refined states of consciousness that provide deep insights into the nature of reality and the mind. They are practiced to cultivate deep concentration, purify the mind, and develop wisdom. It’s important to note that jhana practice is not the ultimate goal of Buddhism but a means to develop concentration and insight. The ultimate aim is to use jhana as a stepping stone to reach higher stages of realization, leading to the attainment of enlightenment.
In addition to the initial four Jhanas, there are also four higher Jhanas, which are more refined stages of meditative absorption. Whereas the first four jhanas are referred to as “Rupa Jhanas” and refer to the material realm, the four higher jhanas, or “ayatanas”, are known as “Arupa Jhanas” and refer to the realm of the formless. These higher jhanas are considered more subtle and profound, representing deeper levels of concentration and insight. Although descriptions may vary slightly across different Buddhist traditions, the higher jhanas are generally characterized as follows:
Fifth Jhana (Akasanancayatana)
This stage is characterized by a state of infinite space, where the distinction between the meditator and the object of meditation begins to dissolve, leading to an experience of boundless space.
Sixth Jhana (Vinnanancayatana)
In this stage, the meditator enters a state of infinite consciousness, transcending the perception of spatial limitations and experiencing a sense of all-pervading consciousness.
Seventh Jhana (Akincannayatana)
The seventh Jhana involves a state of nothingness, where even the perception of infinite consciousness dissolves, leading to an experience of pure mental stillness and emptiness.
Eighth Jhana (Nevasannanasannayatama)
The final stage is the state of neither perception nor non-perception, where all perceptions and sensations completely cease, and the mind enters a state beyond conceptual understanding or perception.
Nirodha Samapatti
Beyond the eighth Jhana lies Nirodha Samapatti. Also known as the attainment of cessation, is an advanced meditative state that is considered the highest level of absorption in the Buddhist Jhana tradition. It is a state where all mental activity completely ceases, including the temporary suspension of consciousness and the complete cessation of all sensory experience. This attainment is considered extremely rare and challenging to achieve, requiring an advanced level of meditative practice, strong concentration, and deep insight into the nature of the mind.
Precepts & Morality
Precepts and morality are important practices in Buddhism. The Five Precepts are the basic ethical guidelines that all Buddhists should follow: to refrain from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxication. In addition to the Five Precepts, there are also other precepts and codes of conduct for monastics and laypeople. By following these precepts, Buddhists aim to cultivate a mind of compassion and wisdom, and to live a life that is free from harm to oneself and others.
Monasticism
This section should discuss the role of monasticism in Buddhism, including the rules and practices followed by Buddhist monks and nuns.
Monasticism has played an important role in Buddhism since its earliest days. Buddhist monks and nuns follow a strict set of rules and practices that are designed to help them cultivate mindfulness, compassion, and wisdom. They live in monasteries or nunneries and devote their lives to study, meditation, and service to others.
Chanting & Recitation
Chanting and recitation of Buddhist texts are common practices in many Buddhist traditions. Chanting is usually done in groups and involves the recitation of verses or prayers in a rhythmic manner. The purpose of chanting is to create a peaceful and meditative atmosphere and to focus the mind on the teachings of the Buddha. Recitation is the repetition of Buddhist texts, such as the sutras, mantras, or the names of the Buddha, as a way to invoke blessings and protection.
Offerings & Puja
Offerings and puja are practices that involve making offerings to the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. Offerings can be physical objects such as flowers, candles, incense, or food, or they can be mental offerings such as dedication of one’s actions for the benefit of all beings. Puja is a ceremony of devotion that involves chanting, recitation, and offerings, and is usually performed in a temple or shrine.
Pilgrimage
Pilgrimage is a practice of visiting sacred places associated with the Buddha or other Buddhist saints. Buddhist pilgrimage sites are located all over Asia, and some of the most popular ones include Bodh Gaya, Lumbini, and Sarnath in India, and Shwedagon Pagoda in Myanmar. Pilgrimage is a way of deepening one’s spiritual practice and connecting with the Buddhist community.
Holidays & Celebrations of Buddhism
Buddhists celebrate several major festivals and holidays throughout the year. The most important of these is Vesak, which commemorates the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha. Other important celebrations include the Buddhist New Year, the Dharma Day, the Sangha Day and the Japanese Obon festival.
These festivals are an opportunity for Buddhists to come together to celebrate their faith, to perform rituals and ceremonies, and to reflect on the teachings of the Buddha.
Vesak or Buddha Day
Observed by the traditions of Theravada and Vajrayana Buddhism, Vesak is one of the most important celebrations. On this day, Βuddhists honor the birth, death and enlightenment of the Buddha. Vesak is usually celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Vesakha, which typically falls in May or June in the Gregorian calendar.
Buddhist New Year
Celebrated differently in every culture, Buddhist communities generally see the New Year as a time for renewal and purification. The exact date of Buddhist New Year varies according to different countries and traditions. In most Theravada Buddhist countries, the holiday is celebrated in mid-April, while in Mahayana Buddhist countries, it is celebrated on the first full moon day in January or February.
Dharma Day
Dharma Day is an important holiday observed by Buddhists around the world. It commemorates the Buddha’s first sermon, known as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, which he delivered to his first five disciples after attaining enlightenment. Dharma Day is typically observed on the full moon day of the eighth lunar month, which usually falls in July or August.
Bodhi Day
Bodhi Day, is a Buddhist holiday that commemorates the day when Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha, achieved enlightenment. Bodhi Day is typically celebrated on December 8th in the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism, while the Theravada tradition celebrates it on the full moon day of the ninth lunar month, which usually falls in November or December.
Sangha Day
Sangha Day, also known as Magha Puja Day, is a Buddhist holiday that commemorates the day when 1,250 monks arrived to pay their respects to the Buddha. The holiday is usually observed on the full moon day of the third lunar month, which falls in February or March.
Kathina Ceremony
The Kathina Ceremony is celebrated in Theravada Buddhist countries, including Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar. It usually takes place during the month following the end of the Buddhist rainy season retreat, which lasts from the full moon in July to the full moon in October. During the Kathina Ceremony, laypeople offer new robes and other necessities to the monks as a sign of support and gratitude.
Obon Festival
Obon, also known as the Festival of Souls, is a Japanese Buddhist holiday that honors the spirits of ancestors and deceased loved ones. The festival is typically held in mid-August and lasts for three days. At the end of Obon, people light lanterns and set them afloat on rivers and lakes to guide the ancestral spirits back to their realm.
Uposatha Days
These regular holidays are ritual cleansing days connected to the lunar calendar and observed by nuns, monks, and followers of buddhism. Uposatha days are observed every lunar month on the full moon, new moon, and quarter moon days.
Buddhist Temples
There are countless Buddhist temples, monasteries, and other sacred sites. Some of the most important Buddhist temples, however, are those that hold a special significance for Buddhists and attract large numbers of visitors. The most important and famous Buddhist temples are:
Shwedagon Pagoda
Located in Yangon, Myanmar, the Shwedagon Pagoda is one of the most sacred Buddhist sites in the world. It is said to contain relics of four Buddhas, including eight strands of hair from the Gautama Buddha.
Borobudur Temple
Located in Central Java, Indonesia, Borobudur is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple that is the world’s largest Buddhist temple. It is famous for its intricate carvings and Buddhist stupas.
Mahabodhi Temple
Located in Bodh Gaya, India, this temple marks the site where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment. The temple complex includes the Mahabodhi Tree, grown from a sapling of the original Bodhi tree, under which the Buddha is said to have meditated.
Taktsang: The Tiger’s Nest
Located in Bhutan, the Tiger’s Nest Monastery is a sacred Buddhist site built into a cliff face at an altitude of over 3,000 meters. It is believed to be the site where Guru Rinpoche, the founder of Tibetan Buddhism, meditated in the 8th century.
Angkor Wat
Located in Cambodia, Angkor Wat is a 12th-century Hindu temple complex that was later converted to a Buddhist temple. It is one of the largest religious monuments in the world and is known for its intricate carvings and beautiful architecture. Angkor Wat is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is visited by millions of tourists every year.
Bagan
Situated on the banks of the Ayerwaddy River, in Burma, Bagan boasts the world’s largest expanse of Buddhist temples, pagodas, stupas, and remains. This site served as the capital for ancient Burmese kings who constructed an estimated 4,400 temples during the kingdom’s peak period, between 1000 and 1200 AD.
Jokhang
Jokhang Temple in Lhasa is considered the holiest temple of Tibet. According to legend a Chinese princess, named Wenchen, Jokhang Temple, situated in Lhasa, holds the title of being the holiest temple in Tibet. Legend has it that Wenchen, a Chinese princess, brought a blessed statue, known as Jowo Shakyamuni or Jowo Rinpoche, to the temple. This statue, considered the most sacred object in Tibet, is still enshrined in Jokhang to this day.
Sri Dalada Maligawa
The Temple of the Tooth, constructed in 1595 in Kandy, houses the single most sacred object in Sri Lanka, a tooth of the Buddha. The tooth arrived in Sri Lanka during the 4th century and was moved several times throughout history, even being stolen and later returned. Although the tooth has not been displayed to the public for a long time, every summer, an elaborate festival takes place, and a replica of the tooth is placed in a golden casket and carried through the streets of Kandy on the back of an elaborately decorated elephant.
Wat Phra Kaew
Another important temple is the Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok, Thailand. This temple is home to the Emerald Buddha, one of the most revered images of the Buddha in Thailand, and is considered the most important temple in the country.
Sensoji Temple
In 628 CE, two brothers fishing in the Sumida River found a tiny golden statue of Kanzeon or Kannon, the bodhisattva of mercy. Sensoji Temple was built in honor of the bodhisattva, and the original tiny golden statue is believed to be enshrined there, though the public views a replica. The temple was completed in 645, making it Tokyo’s oldest temple.
Nalanda
Nalanda, located in present-day Bihar state, India, was the most famous learning center in Buddhist history. Although it’s unclear when the first monastery was built, it appears to have existed in the 3rd century CE. By the 5th century, Nalanda had grown into something like a modern-day university, attracting students from all over the Buddhist world. It remained a dominant learning center until 1193, when it was destroyed by a nomadic army of Muslim Turks of central Asia. Its destruction also marked the end of Buddhism in India until modern times.
Shaolin Temple
The Shaolin Temple is the home of Zen Buddhism and Kung Fu. According to legend, Zen was established there by the monk Bodhidharma, who came to China from India in the early 6th century. The monks of Shaolin are renowned for their unique martial arts style of Shaolin kung fu.
Jetavana
Jetavana, located in Uttar Pradesh, India, may have been the first Buddhist monastery. The ruins of Jetavana are what is left of the historical site where the Buddha gave many of the sermons recorded in the Sutta Pitaka. The Anandabodhi Tree, believed to have grown from a sapling of the tree that sheltered the Buddha when he achieved enlightenment, can be found at the site.
The Spread of Buddhism
In the course of two and a half thousand years Buddhism spread from India to the whole world. From its origins to its global reach today, Buddhism has influenced countless individuals and cultures, and has become one of the world’s major religions.
Buddhism in Asia
Buddhism has been a significant force in shaping the cultures and societies of many Asian countries. From its origins in ancient India, Buddhism spread to countries like China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka. Each of these countries developed unique variations of the religion, incorporating local customs and beliefs.
In China, Buddhism was introduced in the first century CE and especially after the collapse of the Han dynasty, became one of the three major religions alongside Taoism and Confucianism. It heavily influenced Chinese culture, particularly in art, literature, and philosophy. Japanese Buddhism, which evolved from Chinese Buddhism, also played a significant role in shaping Japanese culture, particularly in the areas of art, architecture, and poetry.
Buddhism was also introduced to Southeast Asia, where it became the dominant religion in countries like Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar. In Sri Lanka, Buddhism took strong roots and became the state religion and a significant force for over 2,000 years and has played a central role in shaping the country’s identity and culture.
Buddhism in the West
The spread of Buddhism to the West began in the late 19th century and early 20th century, as Westerners began to take an interest in Eastern spirituality and philosophy. The first Westerners to embrace Buddhism were scholars and intellectuals who were drawn to the Buddhist beliefs and ideas. In the United States, Buddhism came with the arrival of Chinese workers and through American converts.
Over time, Buddhism has become more mainstream in the West, and today there are millions of Western Buddhists around the world, with many different schools and traditions represented.
As Buddhism has spread to the West, it has been adapted to suit Western cultural contexts. For example, mindfulness meditation has become a popular practice in the West, and there are now numerous secular mindfulness programs that draw on Buddhist teachings.
Contemporary Issues Facing Buddhism
Despite its global reach and popularity, Buddhism faces a number of challenges in the modern world. One of the biggest challenges is globalization, which has led to increased cultural exchange and the blending of different religious traditions. This has led some to worry that Buddhism’s distinctiveness may be lost as it adapts to new cultural contexts.
Another challenge facing Buddhism is the rise of secularism, particularly in the West. As more people move away from traditional religious beliefs and practices, there is a risk that Buddhism may become marginalized or irrelevant.
Finally, religious fundamentalism is a challenge facing Buddhism, particularly in countries like Myanmar and Sri Lanka, where there have been instances of violence and discrimination against religious minorities.
The Dalai Lama
The concept of the Dalai Lama is central to Tibetan Buddhism. “Dalai Lama” means “ocean of wisdom” and is a title given to the head of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. He is considered to be the spiritual leader and embodiment of compassion and wisdom.
The Dalai Lama is believed to be the reincarnation of Avalokiteshvara, the bodhisattva of compassion. According to Tibetan Buddhist tradition, when the Dalai Lama dies, his spirit is reborn in a new body, which is then located through a series of rituals and tests. The current Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, is the 14th Dalai Lama and was identified as the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937.
The Dalai Lama is regarded as a teacher and guide for his followers, and his teachings are considered essential for spiritual growth and enlightenment. He also serves as a mediator between the material and spiritual worlds, providing guidance on practical as well as spiritual matters.
In addition, the Dalai Lama is also an important symbol of Tibetan identity and culture. The Chinese government’s repression of Tibetan Buddhism and culture has led to a greater emphasis on the Dalai Lama’s role as a spiritual and cultural leader. The Dalai Lama has become a symbol of resistance and resilience for the Tibetan people, and his teachings have helped to preserve their cultural heritage.
- Dharmapala: The Powerful Guardians of the Buddhist Path
- Bardo Thodol: Unveiling the Hidden Secrets of Life & Death
- The Heart Sutra: Unveiling the Path of Ultimate Wisdom
- The Diamond Sutra: The Beautiful Hidden Gem of Perfect Wisdom
- The Lotus Sutra: The Sutra of the Wonderful Dharma
- The Eightfold Path: The Ultimate Way to Enlightenment
